
	Growing Process of Tropical Trees(Compiled Version)-Seed germination and growth August,1997 Published by Overseas Coorperation Division, FTBC Adress:3809-1 Kakozawa, Ishi, Juo, Taga, Ibaraki-pref 319-1301 Tel:0293-32-7000 Fax:0293-32-7306

Bibiliography

1)	Shunkichi Iwasa, Youji Kikata, Jisuke Kitano, Shouyuu Sasaki, Kenkei Suzuki, Keizou Hara (Tropical Trees Research Section Edition): Handbook of Tropical Plants and Trees, Youkendo publishers 1984
2)	Mitsuru Hotta, Takeshi Ogata, Aya Nitta, Kiyochika Hoshikawa, Munetami Yanagi, Kouu Yamazaki. Useful Plants of The World, Heibonsya 1989
3)	Sumihiko Asakawa:Tropical Tree-planting Tequnices. International Forestry Promotion Center 1992
4)	Von Carlowitz, P.G.:Multipurpose Tree and Shurb Seed Dictionary, ICRAF, Nairobi,1986

Due to the large amount of pictures on this page, it may take some time to load.

Please pay careful attention to the follwing points.

1)	Trees shown in this collection of photographs have grown slowly compared to trees in their native tropical regions, as these trees were grown FTBC's greenhouse.
2)	Some of the picutres here are photoes of adult trees in their growing regions.
3)	The data of the germination test is quoted from Von Carlowitz(1986) about Eucalyptus. All other data is collected in FTBC.
4)	The Japanese names of seeds are in their most commonly used forms.

Table of Tree Species

Genus	Taxonomy(Scientific Name)	Common Name
Pinaceae	Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis
	Pinus caribaea var. caribaea.	Caribbean pine
	Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis
	Pinus elliottii	Slash pine
	Pinus kesiya	kesiya pine
	Pinus oocarpa	Pino
	Pinus patula	Mexican weeping pine
	Pinus roxburghii	Chir pine
	Pinus wallichiana	Blue pine
Araucariaceae	Araucaria angustifolia	Pinheiro do parana
Cupressaceae	Cupressus lusitanica	Cipres de mexico
Annonaceae	Annona cherimola	Cherimoya
Leguminosae	Acacia aulacocarpa	Brown salwood
	Acacia auriculiformis	Acacia auriculiformis
	Acacia catechu	Black cutch
	Acacia crassicarpa	Northern wattle
	Acacia decurrens	Green wattle
	Acacia holosericea	Candelabra wattle
	Acacia hybrid
	Acacia leptocarpa
	Acacia maidenii	Maidens wattle
	Acacia mangium	Mangium
	Acacia mearnsii	Black wattle
	Acacia melanoxylon	Blackwood
	Acacia neriifolia	Oleander wattle
	Acacia silvestris	Red wattle
	Afzelia xylocarpa
	Albizia lebbeck	Siristree
	Paraserianthes falcataria	Molucca silk tree
	Baikiaea plurijuga	Rhodesian-teak
	Cassia fistula	Indian-laburnum
	Cassia grandis	Horse cassia
	Cassia siamea	Bombay black wood
	Centrolobium robustum	Zebrawood
	Dalbergia cochinchinensis	Siam rose wood
	Delonix regia	Flamboyant
	Leucaena leucocephala	Leucaena
	Petrophorum dasyrachis
	Petrophorum pterocapum	Yellow flame
	Ptrerocarpus macrocarpus	Burma chinese quince
	Sindora siamensis	Septir
Oxalidaceae	Averrhoa carambola	Star fruit
Meliaceae	Cedrela odorata	Spanish-cedar
Meliaceae	Swietenia macrophylla	Big leef mahogany
Anacardiaceae	Astronium graveolens	Glassywood
Anacardiaceae	Schinopsis lorentzii	Quebracho colorado
Bombacaceae	Adansonia digitata	Baobab tree
Bombacaceae	Ceiba pentandra	Kapoktree
Passifloraceae	Passiflora edulis	Passion fruit
Lecythiodaceae	Cariniana legais	Jequitiba
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus camaldulensis	River red gum
	Eucalyptus citriodora	Lemon-scented gum
	Eucalyptus deglupta	Mindanao gum
	Eucalyptus globulus	Blue gum
	Eucalyptus grandis	Rose gum
	Eucalyptus maculata	Spotted Gum
	Eucalyptus punctata	Gray gum
	Eucalyptus saligna	Sydney blue gum
	Eucalyptus tereticornis	Forest red gum
	Eucalyptus urophylla	Timor white gum
	Feijoa sellowiana	Feijoa
	Psidium guajava	Guava
Verbenaceae	Gmelina arborea	Kidachiyoraku
Verbenaceae	Tectona grandis	Teak

Partially available to the public

Leguminosae

Acacia auricuriformis

Acacia auricuriformis

Distribution	Australia, Papua New Guinea, surrounding regions.
Uses	Young trees are widely adaptable to arid and infertile regions. The wood ranges from light to golden in color . Characterized by dark stripes and high durability. Most commonly used in flooring, shipbuilding, firewood, logging, and pulpe.


X-ray photo of internal structure	Germination	1 month after germination	2 months after germination	3 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Malaisia
Number of Seeds kg	47,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C lIllumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Soaking the seeds into water for 24hrs, after in hot water for 2 min.
Germination rate	77%
Duration for germination	3-14 days after sowing

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Leguminosae

Paraserianthes falcataria

Molucca Silk Tree

Origin	Molucca island-New Guinea
Uses	Widespread in several varieties throughout tropical regions. Primarly used for furniture, boards, pulp.


X-ray photo of internal structure	Germination	1.5 months after germination	3 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Indonesia
Number of Seeds	43,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	None-treatment	Soaking the seeds into water	Soaking the seeds into water for 24hrs after in 80 C hot water for3min.	Partly peeling of the seed skin
Germination rate	5%	8%	58%	85%
Duration for germination	1-10days after sowing

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Pinaceae

Pinus caribaea var. caribaea

Caribbean pine

Origin	Central America
Distribution	Cuba
Uses	Wood is light brown to brown in color with a specific gravity of 0.75. It is stong, with moderate durability. Building, box, shipbuilding, signes, pulp, and engineering work.


X-ray photo of internal structure	Germination	1 month after germination	7 months after germination	Adult tree(Northern Thailand)

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Cuba
Number of Seeds	79,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Treatment with Gibberellin	Treatment of Sterilization	Soaking the seeds in 70 C hot water for 1 min.	Soaking the seeds in 70 C hot water for 3 min.	Non-treatment
Germination rate	32%	18%	24%	38%	36%
Duration for germination	6-52days after sowing

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Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus grandis

Rose gum

Origin	Australia
Distribution	Australia, New South Wales and southern Queensland
Uses	Wood is reddish, lighter and softer to tear than other Eucalyptuses varieties. Used for light construction, packing boxes, pulp.


SEM photo of internal structure	Germination	3 months after germination	6 months after germination	Adult tree(after 6 years of growth in Uruguay)

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Uruguay
Number of Seeds	200,000-3,000,000grains/kg(Von Carlowitz,1986)
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	83%
Duration for germination	4-8 days after sowing

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Verbenaceae

Tectona grandis

Teak

Origin	India, Mynmar, Thailand
Distribution	India, Mynmar, Thailand, Indochina
Uses	Sapwood is yellowish white and oily, core is golden-brown with dark brown stripes. Specific gravity ranges from 0.55 to 0.77. Wood surface is waxy and fragrant,and can produce a good finish. Both strong and durable, with high-resistance to insects. Typically used in high class furniture cabinets, interior timber, decoration and carving. Outer root and young leaves are yellow in color and seeds are often used medicine.


SEM photo of internal structure	Germination	1 week after germination	3 months after germination	Adult trees in greenhouse

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	-
Number of Seeds	1,380grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator River sand Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	After 10min soaking in sulfuric acid, dry and soak once a day for 5 days
Germination rate	91%
Duration for germination	6-59days after sowing

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Pinaceae

Pinus elliottii

Slash pine

Origin	Southeast Asia
Distribution	Eastern North America
Uses	Used for pulp and resin


Germination	1week after germination	1.5 months after germination	2 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	South Africa
Number of Seeds	29,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	80%
Duration for germination	7-13days after sowing

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Pinaceae

Pinus patura

Mexican weeping pine

Origin	Mexico
Distribution	Mexico, America


Germination	2weeks after germination	2 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Tanzania
Number of Seeds	95,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	70%
Duration for germination	9-17days after sowing

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Araucariaceae

Araucaria angustiforia

Pinheiro do parana

Origin	South America
Distribution	Southern Brazil, Argentina, Misiones province
Uses	Wood is brown in color with specific gravity of 0.55. Easy to work with. Typically used in furniture, boxes, match, plywood, boards. The seeds are edible.


Germination	1.5 months after germination	3.5 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Brazil
Number of Seeds	200grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator River sand a set temp.of 25 C Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	42%
Duration for germination	12-26days after sowing

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Cupressaceae

Cupressus lnsitanica

Cipres de Mexico

Origin	Mexico
Distribution	Mexicona-Costa Rica
Uses	Wood is characterized by yellow, light brown, and red bands. Very soft. Fine grain. High durability and easy to work with. Used for furniture and construction.


Germination	1.5 months after germination	2 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Kenya
Number of Seeds	194,600grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	40%
Duration for germination	8-12days after sowing

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Annonaceae

Annona cherimola

Cherimoya

Origin	Brazil
Distribution	Tropical highlands
Uses	Edible fruit. Fruit is white and sweetly acidic.


10 days after germination	2 weeks after germination	1 months after germination	1.5 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	New Zealand
Number of Seeds	7,000 grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	60%
Duration for germination	15-39days after sowing

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Leguminosae

Acacia mangium

Mangium

Origin	Australia
Uses	Young trees are widely adaptable to semi-arid and barren land. Typically used in pulp, furniture and rod side tree. Branches and the leaves are used for fdder.


Germination	1 month after germination	2.5 months after germination	Adult tree in greenhouse(3years)

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Malaysia
Number of Seeds	142,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Soaking the seeds into water for 24hrs, after in hot water for 5min.
Germination rate	71%
Duration for germination	3-10days after sowing

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Leguminosae

Pterocarpus macrocarpus

Burma chinese quince

Origin	Thailand
Distribution	Myanmar, Thailand, laos
Uses	Used for furniture, cabinets, decoration.


Germination	1 week after germination	8 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Thailand
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Soaking the seeds with aril in water for 48hrs.	Soaking the seeds with removal of aril in water for 48hrs.	Peeling the part of seed coat after removal of aril.
Germination rate	0%	60%	32%
Duration for germination	6-15days after sowing

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Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa carambala

Star fruit

Origin	Southeast Asia
Distribution	Southeast Asia, American tropics, West Indies
Uses	Fruit, long and narrow, Berry is oval shaped. Fruit cross section is star shape and 10 cm in diameter. Semitransparent and jucy. Strong, sweetly acidic taste.


3 days after germination	1 month after germination	6 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Ishigaki island, Okinawa
Number of Seeds	18,600grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Peeling the part of seed coat
Germination rate	67%
Duration for germination	9-25days after sowing

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Meliaceae

Swietenia macrophylla

Big Leaf Mahogany

Origin	South central America
Distribution	Mexico-Bolibia south central region
Uses	Favorable to well-drained areas. The sapling favors side-shade underplanting is applicable. Wood is used for furniture and building, and highly evaluated in the world.


Germination	3 months after germination	Greenhouse in boxes of peatmoss(3 years).

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Indonesia
Number of Seeds	1,900grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Soaking the seeds in water for 6hrs.	Used peat moss, nursing box, inside the greenhouse.
Germination rate	22%	74%
Duration for germination	14-30days after soaking

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Anacardiaceae

Schinopsis lorentzii

Quebracho colorado

Origin	South America Tropical regions
Distribution	Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia are throughout Gran Chacio region
Uses	Sapwood is light rose colored, heart wood is reddish brown. Characteristically fragrant. Wood is heavy and stiff,with a specific gravity of 1.17. Very difficult work with. Used to produce extraction of tannine, sleepers, small bridge, base of columns, poles.


10 days after germination	30 days after germination	6 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Argentina
Number of Seeds	6,600grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator River sand Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	27%
Duration for germination	14-22days after sowing

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Bombacaceae

Adasonia digitata	Baobab Tree
		Seed	Fruit and seed

Origin	Africa
Uses	One of the world big trees, the old trees grow 20m in height, and 5-7m in DBH. Edible fruit. Bark used for fishing nets and in paper production.


Germination	3 days after germination	1 week after germination	2 weeks after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Zimbabwe
Number of Seeds	469grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	partly peeling of the seed coat
Germination rate	-
Duration for germination	6-20days after sowing

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Passifloraceae

Passiflora edulis	Passion fruit
		Fruit

Origin	Brazil
Distribution	Tropical, subtropical region
Uses	Fruit is circular or slightly elliptic. Fruit is orange inside and slightly transparant,with a jellylike consistancy. Used in production of sweeteners, alcoholic spirits, and aromatic candies.


2 weeks after germination	3 weeks after germination	5 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Africa
Number of Seeds	48,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	partly peeling of the seed coat	Non-treatment
Germination rate	69%	40%
Duration for germination	2-18days after sowing

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Lecythidaceae

Cariniana legais

Jequitiba

Origin	Brazil
Distribution	Brazil
Uses	Wood is light and banded with red-brown stripes. Dark brown spots also present. Specific gravity is 0.6. Stiff and durable. Generally used in building, flooring, furniture, plywood, and carving.


Germination	2 weeks after germination	6 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Brazil
Number of Seeds	23,000grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	95%
Duration for germination	9-37days after sowing

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Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus citriodora

Lemon-scented gum

Origin	Australia
Distribution	Australia, Queensland
Uses	Wood is light brown, heavy and hard, and durable. Typically used in a bridge supports, shipbuilding, sleepers, and pulpe. Leaves have a lemony like fragrance, and are used in the refined oil of Cineole.


4 days after germination	1.5 months after germination	5 months after germination

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Brazil
Number of Seeds	168,100grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment
Germination rate	90%
Duration for germination	2-10days after sowing

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Verbenaceae

Gmelina arborea

Kidachiyoraku

Origin	India to Indonesia, throughout tropical Asia
Uses	Fast growing tree and favors the fertile soil.


Germination	8 days after germination	23 days after germination	Adult tree(Indonesia 3years)

<< Germination test >>
Seed source	Indonesia
Number of Seeds	1,500-2,500grains/kg
Test conditions	Inside incubator Fixed temperature : 25 C Illumination : 1000Lx Irradiation : 8hrs

<< Test results >>
Pretreatment for germination	Non-treatment	partly peeling of the seed coat
Germination rate	18%	4%
Duration for germination	2-10days after sowing

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Please pay careful attention to the follwing points.

Table of Tree Species

Leguminosae

Acacia auricuriformis

Leguminosae

Paraserianthes falcataria

Molucca Silk Tree

Pinaceae

Pinus caribaea var. caribaea

Caribbean pine

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus grandis

Rose gum

Verbenaceae

Pinaceae

Pinus elliottii

Slash pine

Pinaceae

Mexican weeping pine

Araucariaceae

Araucaria angustiforia

Pinheiro do parana

Cupressaceae

Cupressus lnsitanica

Annonaceae

Annona cherimola

Leguminosae

Acacia mangium

Leguminosae

Pterocarpus macrocarpus

Oxalidaceae

Meliaceae

Swietenia macrophylla

Anacardiaceae

Schinopsis lorentzii

Bombacaceae

Adasonia digitata

Passifloraceae

Lecythidaceae

Cariniana legais

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus citriodora

Verbenaceae